This code compiled.
struct A
{
    const int *getX() const
        {
            return &x;
        }
    int *getX()
        {
            const A *thisConst = this;
            return const_cast<int *>(thisConst->getX());
        }
    void f()
        {
            int *p = getX();
        }
    int x;
};
But this code didn't.
struct I
{
    virtual const int *getX() const = 0;
    int *getX()
        {
            const I *thisConst = this;
            return const_cast<int *>(thisConst->getX());
        }
};
struct A : I
{
    virtual const int *getX() const
        {
            return &x;
        }
    void f()
        {
            int *p = getX();
        }
    int x;
};
'const_cast' : cannot convert from 'const int *' to 'int *'
I know that if I will give different names it will be compiled. But are there ways without functions renaming?
                        
I didn't get this error while trying to compile your program, instead I got
To compile successfully I corrected following line
to
const int *andint*are two different types, you can't assign it directly without cast or modify the type of the variablep.