I am working on Android Studio with the Maps Api. On the shown map, there are markers that have been already placed by Google (see picture below).

Is there a way to interact with them by clicking to get more information (e.g. id of marker/place)?
On
you can use onMarkerClickListener shown below :
mMap.setOnMarkerClickListener(new GoogleMap.OnMarkerClickListener() {
@Override
public boolean onMarkerClick(Marker marker) {
});
}
where mMap is an instance of GoogleMap
You can start reading documentation here https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/android-sdk/start
The predefined markers added by Google are called Points of Interest (POI). The GoogleMaps class provides a special listener for POIs:
GoogleMap.OnPoiClickListenerYou can find corresponding documentation in
https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/android-sdk/reference/com/google/android/libraries/maps/GoogleMap.OnPoiClickListener
https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/android-sdk/reference/com/google/android/libraries/maps/model/PointOfInterest
The code snippet should be something like
I hope this helps!