What is the application layer specifically?

Question

I was reading the Comptia network+ All in One Guide by Mike Meyers, and I came across this line:

"The application layer does not refer to the applications themselves, rather it refers to the code built into the Operating System that enables making network aware applications."

So my question is, do the functions like connect, bind, listen comprise of the application layer ?

Answer 1

Application layer is later of osi model at application layer application layer facilitate users to user remaning 6 layers services.